|
Background:
|
The
Dutch began to colonize Indonesia in the early 17th
century; the islands were occupied by Japan from
1942 to 1945. Indonesia declared its independence
after Japan's surrender, but it required four years
of intermittent negotiations, recurring hostilities,
and UN mediation before the Netherlands agreed to
relinquish its colony. Indonesia is the world's
largest archipelagic state. Current issues include:
alleviating widespread poverty, preventing
terrorism, continuing the transition to
popularly-elected governments after four decades of
authoritarianism, implementing reforms of the
banking sector, addressing charges of cronyism and
corruption, holding the military and police
accountable for human rights violations, and
resolving armed separatist movements in Aceh and
Papua. |
|
Location:
|
Southeastern
Asia, archipelago between the Indian Ocean and the
Pacific Ocean |
|
Geographic coordinates:
|
5 00 S,
120 00 E |
|
Map references:
|
Southeast
Asia |
|
Area:
|
total:
1,919,440 sq km
water: 93,000 sq km
land: 1,826,440 sq km |
|
Area - comparative:
|
slightly
less than three times the size of Texas |
|
Land boundaries:
|
total:
2,830 km
border countries: East Timor 228 km, Malaysia
1,782 km, Papua New Guinea 820 km |
|
Coastline:
|
54,716
km |
|
Maritime claims:
|
measured
from claimed archipelagic straight baselines
territorial sea: 12 nm
exclusive economic zone: 200 nm |
|
Climate:
|
tropical;
hot, humid; more moderate in highlands |
|
Terrain:
|
mostly
coastal lowlands; larger islands have interior
mountains |
|
Elevation extremes:
|
lowest
point: Indian Ocean 0 m
highest point: Puncak Jaya 5,030 m |
|
Natural resources:
|
petroleum,
tin, natural gas, nickel, timber, bauxite, copper,
fertile soils, coal, gold, silver |
|
Land use:
|
arable
land: 11.32%
permanent crops: 7.23%
other: 81.45% (2001) |
|
Irrigated land:
|
48,150
sq km (1998 est.) |
|
Natural hazards:
|
occasional
floods, severe droughts, tsunamis, earthquakes,
volcanoes, forest fires |
|
Environment - current issues:
|
deforestation;
water pollution from industrial wastes, sewage; air
pollution in urban areas; smoke and haze from forest
fires |
|
Environment - international agreements:
|
party
to: Biodiversity, Climate Change,
Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous
Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship
Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94,
Wetlands
signed, but not ratified: Climate
Change-Kyoto Protocol, Marine Life Conservation |
|
Geography - note:
|
archipelago
of 17,508 islands (6,000 inhabited); straddles
equator; strategic location astride or along major
sea lanes from Indian Ocean to Pacific Ocean
|
|
Population:
|
238,452,952
(July 2004 est.) |
|
Age structure:
|
0-14
years: 29.4% (male 35,635,790; female
34,416,854)
15-64 years: 65.5% (male 78,097,767; female
78,147,909)
65 years and over: 5.1% (male 5,308,986;
female 6,845,646) (2004 est.) |
|
Median age:
|
total:
26.1 years
male: 25.7 years
female: 26.6 years (2004 est.) |
|
Population growth rate:
|
1.49%
(2004 est.) |
|
Birth rate:
|
21.11
births/1,000 population (2004 est.) |
|
Death rate:
|
6.26
deaths/1,000 population (2004 est.) |
|
Net migration rate:
|
0
migrant(s)/1,000 population (2004 est.) |
|
Sex ratio:
|
at
birth: 1.05 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.04 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 1 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.78 male(s)/female
total population: 1 male(s)/female (2004
est.) |
|
Infant mortality rate:
|
total:
36.82 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 31.29 deaths/1,000 live births (2004
est.)
male: 42.09 deaths/1,000 live births |
|
Life expectancy at birth:
|
total
population: 69.26 years
male: 66.84 years
female: 71.8 years (2004 est.) |
|
Total fertility rate:
|
2.47
children born/woman (2004 est.) |
|
HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate:
|
0.1%
(2003 est.) |
|
HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS:
|
110,000
(2003 est.) |
|
HIV/AIDS - deaths:
|
2,400
(2003 est.) |
|
Nationality:
|
noun:
Indonesian(s)
adjective: Indonesian |
|
Ethnic groups:
|
Javanese
45%, Sundanese 14%, Madurese 7.5%, coastal Malays
7.5%, other 26% |
|
Religions:
|
Muslim
88%, Protestant 5%, Roman Catholic 3%, Hindu 2%,
Buddhist 1%, other 1% (1998) |
|
Languages:
|
Bahasa
Indonesia (official, modified form of Malay),
English, Dutch, local dialects, the most widely
spoken of which is Javanese |
|
Literacy:
|
definition:
age 15 and over can read and write
total population: 87.9%
male: 92.5%
female: 83.4% (2002)
|
|
Country name:
|
conventional
long form: Republic of Indonesia
conventional short form: Indonesia
local long form: Republik Indonesia
former: Netherlands East Indies; Dutch East
Indies
local short form: Indonesia |
|
Government type:
|
republic |
|
Capital:
|
Jakarta |
|
Administrative divisions:
|
27
provinces (propinsi-propinsi, singular - propinsi),
2 special regions* (daerah-daerah istimewa, singular
- daerah istimewa), and 1 special capital city
district** (daerah khusus ibukota); Aceh*, Bali,
Banten, Bengkulu, Gorontalo, Jakarta Raya**, Jambi,
Jawa Barat, Jawa Tengah, Jawa Timur, Kalimantan
Barat, Kalimantan Selatan, Kalimantan Tengah,
Kalimantan Timur, Kepulauan Bangka Belitung, Lampung,
Maluku, Maluku Utara, Nusa Tenggara Barat, Nusa
Tenggara Timur, Papua, Riau, Sulawesi Selatan,
Sulawesi Tengah, Sulawesi Tenggara, Sulawesi Utara,
Sumatera Barat, Sumatera Selatan, Sumatera Utara,
Yogyakarta*; note - with the implementation of
decentralization on 1 January 2001, the 357
districts or regencies became the key administrative
units responsible for providing most government
services
note: following the 30 August 1999 provincial
referendum for independence that was overwhelmingly
approved by the people of Timor Timur and the
October 1999 concurrence of Indonesia's national
legislature, the name Timor Leste (East Timor) was
adopted as the name for the political entity
formerly known as Propinsi Timor Timur; East Timor
gained its formal independence on 20 May 2002 |
|
Independence:
|
17
August 1945 (proclaimed independence)
note: on 27 December 1949 the Netherlands
recognized Indonesian independence |
|
National holiday:
|
Independence
Day, 17 August (1945) |
|
Constitution:
|
August
1945, abrogated by Federal Constitution of 1949 and
Provisional Constitution of 1950, restored 5 July
1959 |
|
Legal system:
|
based
on Roman-Dutch law, substantially modified by
indigenous concepts and by new criminal procedures
and election codes; has not accepted compulsory ICJ
jurisdiction |
|
Suffrage:
|
17
years of age; universal and married persons
regardless of age |
|
Executive branch:
|
chief
of state: President MEGAWATI Sukarnoputri (since
23 July 2001) and Vice President Hamzah HAZ (since
26 July 2001); note - the president is both the
chief of state and head of government
head of government: President MEGAWATI
Sukarnoputri (since 23 July 2001) and Vice President
Hamzah HAZ (since 26 July 2001); note - the
president is both the chief of state and head of
government
cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the president
elections: president and vice president
previously were elected separately by the People's
Consultative Assembly or MPR for five-year terms;
next election to be held 5 July 2004; in accordance
with constitutional changes, the election of the
president and vice president will be by direct vote
of the citizenry
note: the People's Consultative Assembly (Majelis
Permusyawaratan Rakyat or MPR) includes the House of
Representatives (Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat or DPR)
plus 195 indirectly selected members; it meets every
five years to approve broad outlines of national
policy and also has yearly meetings to consider
constitutional and legislative changes;
constitutional amendments adopted in 2001 and 2002
provide for the MPR to be restructured in 2004 and
to consist entirely of popularly-elected members who
will be in the DPR and the new House of Regional
Representatives (Dewan Perwakilan Daerah or DPD);
the MPR will no longer formulate national policy
election results: MEGAWATI Sukarnoputri
elected president, receiving 591 votes in favor (91
abstentions); Hamzah HAZ elected vice president,
receiving 340 votes in favor (237 against) |
|
Legislative branch:
|
unicameral
House of Representatives or Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat
(DPR) (550 seats; members serve five-year terms)
election results: percent of vote by party -
Golkar 21.6%, PDI-P 18.5%, PKB 10.6%, PPP 8.2%, PD
7.5%, PKS 7.3%, PAN 6.4%, others 19.9%; seats by
party - Golkar 128, PDI-P 109, PPP 58, PD 57, PKB
52, PAN 52, PKS 45, others 49
note: because of election rules, the number
of seats won does not always follow the number of
votes received by parties
elections: last held 5 April 2004 (next to be
held in April 2009) |
|
Judicial branch:
|
Supreme
Court or Mahkamah Agung (justices appointed by the
president from a list of candidates approved by the
legislature); a separate Constitutional Court was
invested by the president on 16 August 2003; in
March 2004 the Supreme Court assumed administrative
and financial responsibility for the lower court
system from the Ministry of Justice and Human Rights |
|
Political parties and leaders:
|
Crescent
Moon and Star Party or PBB [Yusril Ihza MAHENDRA,
chairman]; Democratic Party or PD [Budi SANTOSO,
chairman]; Functional Groups or Golkar [Akbar
TANDJUNG, general chairman]; Indonesia Democratic
Party-Struggle or PDI-P [MEGAWATI Sukarnoputri,
chairperson]; National Awakening Party or PKB [Alwi
SHIHAB, chairman]; National Mandate Party or PAN [Amien
RAIS, chairman]; Prosperous Justice Party or PKS [Hidayat
NUR WAHID, chairman]; United Development Party or
PPP [Hamzah HAZ, chairman] |
|
Political pressure groups and leaders:
|
NA |
|
International organization participation:
|
APEC,
ARF, AsDB, ASEAN, BIS, CP, FAO, G-15, G-77, IAEA,
IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC,
IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM
(observer), ISO, ITU, MONUC, NAM, OIC, OPCW, OPEC,
UN, UNAMSIL, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNMIL, UNOMIG,
UPU, WCL, WCO, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTrO |
|
Diplomatic representation in the US:
|
chief
of mission: Ambassador SOEMADI Brotodiningrat
FAX: [1] (202) 775-5365
consulate(s) general: Chicago, Houston, Los
Angeles, New York, and San Francisco
telephone: [1] (202) 775-5200
chancery: 2020 Massachusetts Avenue NW,
Washington, DC 20036 |
|
Diplomatic representation from the US:
|
chief
of mission: Ambassador Ralph L. BOYCE
embassy: Jalan 1 Medan Merdeka Selatan 3-5,
Jakarta 10110
mailing address: Unit 8129, Box 1, FPO AP
96520
telephone: [62] (21) 3435-9000
FAX: [62] (21) 385-7189
consulate(s) general: Surabaya |
|
Flag description:
|
two
equal horizontal bands of red (top) and white;
similar to the flag of Monaco, which is shorter;
also similar to the flag of Poland, which is white
(top) and red
|
|
Economy - overview:
|
Indonesia,
a vast polyglot nation, faces economic development
problems stemming from recent acts of terrorism,
unequal resource distribution among regions, endemic
corruption, the lack of reliable legal recourse in
contract disputes, weaknesses in the banking system,
and a generally poor climate for foreign investment.
Indonesia withdrew from its IMF program at the end
of 2003, but issued a "White Paper" that
commits the government to maintaining fundamentally
sound macroeconomic policies previously established
under IMF guidelines. Investors, however, continued
to face a host of on-the-ground microeconomic
problems and an inadequate judicial system. Keys to
future growth remain internal reform, building up
the confidence of international and domestic
investors, and strong global economic growth. |
|
GDP:
|
purchasing
power parity - $758.8 billion (2003 est.) |
|
GDP - real growth rate:
|
4.1%
(2003 est.) |
|
GDP - per capita:
|
purchasing
power parity - $3,200 (2003 est.) |
|
GDP - composition by sector:
|
agriculture:
16.6%
industry: 43.6%
services: 39.9% (2003 est.) |
|
Investment (gross fixed):
|
19.7%
of GDP (2003) |
|
Population below poverty line:
|
27%
(1999) |
|
Household income or consumption by percentage
share:
|
lowest
10%: 4%
highest 10%: 26.7% (1999) |
|
Distribution of family income - Gini index:
|
37
(2001) |
|
Inflation rate (consumer prices):
|
6.6%
(2003 est.) |
|
Labor force:
|
105.7
million (2003) |
|
Labor force - by occupation:
|
agriculture
45%, industry 16%, services 39% (1999 est.) |
|
Unemployment rate:
|
8.7%
(2003 est.) |
|
Budget:
|
revenues:
$40.91 billion
expenditures: $44.95 billion, including
capital expenditures of NA (2003 est.) |
|
Public debt:
|
72.9%
of GDP (2003) |
|
Agriculture - products:
|
rice,
cassava (tapioca), peanuts, rubber, cocoa, coffee,
palm oil, copra, poultry, beef, pork, eggs |
|
Industries:
|
petroleum
and natural gas, textiles, apparel, footwear,
mining, cement, chemical fertilizers, plywood,
rubber, food, tourism |
|
Industrial production growth rate:
|
3.7%
(2003 est.) |
|
Electricity - production:
|
95.78
billion kWh (2001) |
|
Electricity - production by source:
|
fossil
fuel: 86.9%
hydro: 10.5%
other: 2.6% (2001)
nuclear: 0% |
|
Electricity - consumption:
|
89.08
billion kWh (2001) |
|
Electricity - exports:
|
0 kWh
(2001) |
|
Electricity - imports:
|
0 kWh
(2001) |
|
Oil - production:
|
1.451
million bbl/day (2001 est.) |
|
Oil - consumption:
|
1.045
million bbl/day (2001 est.) |
|
Oil - exports:
|
NA
(2001) |
|
Oil - imports:
|
NA
(2001) |
|
Oil - proved reserves:
|
7.083
billion bbl (1 January 2002) |
|
Natural gas - production:
|
69
billion cu m (2001 est.) |
|
Natural gas - consumption:
|
36.2
billion cu m (2001 est.) |
|
Natural gas - exports:
|
32.8
billion cu m (2001 est.) |
|
Natural gas - imports:
|
0 cu m
(2001 est.) |
|
Natural gas - proved reserves:
|
2.549
trillion cu m (1 January 2002) |
|
Current account balance:
|
$7.336
billion (2003) |
|
Exports:
|
$63.89
billion f.o.b. (2003 est.) |
|
Exports - commodities:
|
oil and
gas, electrical appliances, plywood, textiles,
rubber |
|
Exports - partners:
|
Japan
22.3%, US 12.1%, Singapore 8.9%, South Korea 7.1%,
China 6.2% (2003 est.) |
|
Imports:
|
$40.22
billion f.o.b. (2003 est.) |
|
Imports - commodities:
|
machinery
and equipment, chemicals, fuels, foodstuffs |
|
Imports - partners:
|
Japan
13%, Singapore 12.8%, China 9.1%, US 8.3%, Thailand
5.2%, Australia 5.1%, South Korea 4.7%, Saudi Arabia
4.6% (2003 est.) |
|
Reserves of foreign exchange & gold:
|
$36.25
billion (2003) |
|
Debt - external:
|
$135.7
billion (2003 est.) |
|
Economic aid - recipient:
|
$43
billion Indonesia finished its IMF program in
December 2003 but still receives bilateral aid
through the Consultative Group on Indonesia (CGI),
which pledged $2.8 billion in grants and loans for
2004. (2003 est.) |
|
Currency:
|
Indonesian
rupiah (IDR) |
|
Currency code:
|
IDR |
|
Exchange rates:
|
Indonesian
rupiahs per US dollar - 8,577.13 (2003), 9,311.19
(2002), 10,260.8 (2001), 8,421.77 (2000), 7,855.15
(1999) |
|
Fiscal year:
|
calendar
year; note - previously was 1 April - 31 March, but
starting with 2001, has been changed to calendar
year
|
|
Telephones - main lines in use:
|
7.75
million (2002) |
|
Telephones - mobile cellular:
|
11.7
million (2002) |
|
Telephone system:
|
general
assessment: domestic service fair, international
service good
domestic: interisland microwave system and HF
radio police net; domestic satellite communications
system
international: country code - 62; satellite
earth stations - 2 Intelsat (1 Indian Ocean and 1
Pacific Ocean) |
|
Radio broadcast stations:
|
AM 678,
FM 43, shortwave 82 (1998) |
|
Radios:
|
31.5
million (1997) |
|
Television broadcast stations:
|
41
(1999) |
|
Televisions:
|
13.75
million (1997) |
|
Internet country code:
|
.id |
|
Internet hosts:
|
62,036
(2003) |
|
Internet Service Providers (ISPs):
|
24
(2000) |
|
Internet users:
|
8
million (2002)
|
|
Railways:
|
total:
6,458 km
narrow gauge: 5,961 km 1.067-m gauge (125 km
electrified); 497 km 0.750-m gauge (2003) |
|
Highways:
|
total:
342,700 km
paved: 158,670 km
unpaved: 184,030 km (1999 est.) |
|
Waterways:
|
21,579
km
note: Sumatra 5,471 km, Java and Madura 820
km, Kalimantan 10,460 km, Sulawesi (Celebes) 241 km,
Irian Jaya 4,587 km (2004) |
|
Pipelines:
|
condensate
672 km; condensate/gas 125 km; gas 8,183 km; oil
7,429 km; oil/gas/water 66 km; refined products
1,329 km (2003) |
|
Ports and harbors:
|
Cilacap,
Cirebon, Jakarta, Kupang, Makassar, Palembang,
Semarang, Surabaya |
|
Merchant marine:
|
total:
718 ships (1,000 GRT or over) 3,192,847 GRT/4,319,739
DWT
by type: bulk 47, cargo 398, chemical tanker
13, container 57, liquefied gas 6, livestock carrier
1, passenger 10, passenger/cargo 13, petroleum
tanker 128, refrigerated cargo 2, roll on/roll off
15, short-sea/passenger 9, specialized tanker 12,
vehicle carrier 7
registered in other countries: 109 (2003
est.)
foreign-owned: France 1, Germany 1, Greece 1,
Honduras 1, Hong Kong 2, Japan 3, Malaysia 1, Monaco
2, Panama 1, Philippines 2, Singapore 12,
Switzerland 1, United Kingdom 2, United States 1 |
|
Airports:
|
661
(2003 est.) |
|
Airports - with paved runways:
|
total:
154
over 3,047 m: 4
2,438 to 3,047 m: 13
914 to 1,523 m: 49
under 914 m: 44 (2003 est.)
1,524 to 2,437 m: 44 |
|
Airports - with unpaved runways:
|
total:
507
2,438 to 3,047 m: 1
1,524 to 2,437 m: 5
under 914 m: 478 (2003 est.)
914 to 1,523 m: 23 |
|
Heliports:
|
22
(2003 est.)
|
|
Military branches:
|
Indonesia
Armed Forces (TNI): Army (TNI-AD), Navy (TNI-AL,
including Marines, Naval Air arm), Air Force (TNI-AU) |
|
Military manpower - military age:
|
18
years of age (2004 est.) |
|
Military manpower - availability:
|
males
age 15-49: 66,458,805 (2004 est.) |
|
Military manpower - fit for military service:
|
males
age 15-49: 38,728,029 (2004 est.) |
|
Military manpower - reaching military age
annually:
|
males:
2,196,424 (2004 est.) |
|
Military expenditures - dollar figure:
|
$1
billion (FY98) |
|
Military expenditures - percent of GDP:
|
1.3%
(FY98)
|
| Transnational
Issues |
Indonesia |
|
Disputes - international:
|
East
Timor-Indonesia Boundary Committee continues to
meet, survey and delimit land boundary, but several
sections of the boundary remain unresolved;
Indonesia and East Timor contest the sovereignty of
the uninhabited coral island of Palau Batek/Fatu
Sinai, which hinders a decision on a southern
maritime boundary; numbers of East Timor refugees in
Indonesia refuse repatriation; the Australia-East
Timor 1999 maritime delimitation establishes partial
maritime boundaries over part of the Timor Gap, but
temporary resource-sharing agreements over an
unreconciled area hamper creation of a shared
maritime boundary with Indonesia; ICJ's award of
Sipadan and Ligitan islands to Malaysia in 2002
prompted Indonesia to assert claims to and to
establish a presence on its smaller outer islands;
Indonesian secessionists, squatters and illegal
migrants create repatriation problems for Papua New
Guinea |
|
Illicit drugs:
|
illicit
producer of cannabis largely for domestic use;
possible growing role as transshipment point for
Golden Triangle heroin
|
|
